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Didier Ratsiraka
Vice Admiral Didier Ratsiraka (born 4 November 1936) is a Malagasy politician who was President of Madagascar from 1975 to 1993 and from 1997 to 2002.
==Second Republic==
Born in Vatomandry, Atsinanana Region, Ratsiraka served as Minister of Foreign Affairs under Gabriel Ramanantsoa from 1972 until 1975. Known as the "Red Admiral", he was made head of state, as President of the Supreme Revolutionary Council, by the military leadership on June 15, 1975.〔("Independence, the First Republic, and the Military Transition, 1960-75" ), U.S. Country Studies, Madagascar.〕〔Richard R. Marcus, ("POLITICAL CHANGE IN MADAGASCAR: POPULIST DEMOCRACY OR NEOPATRIMONIALISM BY ANOTHER NAME?" ), Institute for Security Studies, Occasional Paper 89, August 2004.〕 He began setting up a socialist system, guided by the Charter of the Malagasy Socialist Revolution, which was approved in a referendum held on December 21, 1975, establishing the Second Republic;〔〔("The Second Republic, 1975-92" ), U.S. Country Studies, Madagascar.〕 Ratsiraka was also elected President for a seven-year term in this referendum, which received the backing of 95% of voters according to official results.〔 The political party Vanguard of the Malagasy Revolution (FNDR) was founded; in 1989 its name was changed to AREMA (Andry sy Rihana Enti-Manavotra an'i Madagasikara) (Pillar and Structure for the Salvation of Madagascar).
In the midst of a poor economic situation, Ratsiraka began to abandon socialist policies after a few years in power and implemented reforms recommended by the International Monetary Fund. He was re-elected as President with 80% of the vote in 1982 and with 63% of the vote in 1989. The latter election was condemned as fraudulent by the opposition, which protested, and at least 75 people were killed in the resulting violence.〔
Ratsiraka faced intense opposition to his rule in 1991. On August 10, 1991, about 400,000 people marched on the Presidential Palace,〔〔("Deaths in Madagascar Unrest Put at 51" ), ''The New York Times'', August 13, 1991.〕 and the Presidential Guard attacked the demonstrators with gunfire and grenades. The government placed the death toll at 11, although other reports placed the toll much higher. Ratsiraka said that he had not ordered the Presidential Guard to open fire, but Ratsiraka's orders have been recorded and in these records, he orders the helicopter to shoot the car of the HAS president and open fire on the strikers 〔 but the incident severely undermined his already precarious position. On 31 October, he signed the Panorama Convention, establishing a transitional government and stripping him of most of his powers;〔 although he remained President, opposition leader Albert Zafy became head of the newly established High Authority of the State.〔("Madagascar's Leader Agrees To Work for New Elections" ), ''New York Times'', November 3, 1991.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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